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Some Thoughts on Raising Bilingual and Bicultural Kids (and young adults….)

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Many parents wonder how fluent their children can realistically become in Chinese while growing up overseas. The reality is that even with steady exposure and strong home support, reaching the equivalent of a native elementary school graduate by age 18—or achieving ILR Level 3 (professional working proficiency) to Level 4 (full professional proficiency)—is quite difficult ( ~2/3 CLE Exposure Time for ILR Level 3 or Above).   For my daughters, age 22 and 19 now, I would say that their overall Chinese are ILR Level 4. For us, the particular curriculum and instruction were the easy part.  The difficult part was providing the CLE all the way into their teens, which creates the psychological construct required to sustain such learning. 

What matters most is aligning expectations with your family’s priorities, resources, and your child’s interests. Some children may take to it naturally, while others may reach a solid low-to-intermediate level and still feel connected to their heritage. If they become more interested later, they can always pursue higher-level study in college or beyond (Advice & Thoughts).

From my own experience—having emigrated from Taiwan at age 11—I realized in college during the early 1990s that many of my peers from Chinese-speaking homes, even those whose parents founded Chinese schools, had very limited proficiency despite years of study.  Later, after going through the American education system ourselves, my wife and I decided not to focus on having our children learn things just for college applications.  We realized that many activities have long-term value that only becomes clear in college or well into adulthood (Reflections on Two Decades of Bilingual Parenting).

One area we did prioritize was Chinese proficiency, despite the enormous time and effort it demanded—and its limited utility, by itself, for college applications – Chinese AP, in particular (非常低 C/P 值). On the other hand, we only know one adult in the U.S. who regrets not learning a classical musical instrument better in childhood—and that person happens to be fluent in Chinese. So, we decided to let go of classical instruments, a stereotypically “college-application-worthy” pursuit. After all, their instrumental skill (or the lack thereof) wouldn’t typically affect their future children’s musical ability—most parents just hire a teacher. I only wish learning Chinese were that simple.

For my daughters, not speaking, reading, or enjoying Chinese was nearly impossible in their childhood. It was woven into almost every aspect of our home life through the CLE framework we built. The foundation of their entertainment, joy, laughter, and family connection was built through the language. 

My original goal was to bring their practical Chinese close to a native grade-school level, and we were on track by their early teens.  After moving from rural North Carolina to suburban Atlanta, when my daughters were 11 and 14, I discovered the value of Chinese debate. They were the first two students in a new program and Chinese debate and tournaments were the missing pieces for them, combining advanced practical Chinese across listening, speaking, reading, and composition, while also being “college application” worthy.  It raised their practical Chinese to near high school level – and best of all, the coach did most of the heavy lifting!  This experience inspired me to launch in my spare time an online Chinese debate program with coaches in Taiwan five years ago for the benefit of qualified students and parents, even well after my daughters graduated from high school (ichinesedebate.com).

The discipline and exposure they gained from Chinese debate carried over into their academic and professional lives.  Recently, my older daughter, who is taking a gap year or two before applying to graduate medical programs, began working at a medical practice run by a Chinese physician.  Her bilingual skill and conscientiousness quickly made her invaluable to many patients and the practice.  My younger daughter, now a college sophomore, recently shifted her research direction and landed a fantastic oncology research position through her Taiwanese American network. She is extremely busy this year in her studies, also serving as a recruiter for the student venture capital firm and treasurer for her college’s TASA (Taiwanese American Student Association). I’m glad she has a steady Taiwanese American boyfriend there!  (He seems like a nice guy – we all met up briefly outside Taipei 101’s 鼎泰豐 before the two of them had lunch there over the summer. 🤣 )

One other aspect that I would emphasize is that I raised my daughters in broadly western tradition while helping them stay aware of basic Chinese and Taiwanese history, philosophy, and tradition.  Some of the American films we enjoyed together included The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, Sense and Sensibility, the Pride and Prejudice miniseries, North and South, Gone with the Wind, Star Trek (I’m a Trekkie), Back to the Future, Indiana Jones, Forrest Gump, Star Wars, and plenty of rom-coms (Notting Hill, Sleepless in Seattle, When Harry Met Sally, and others).   We also watched our share of Chinese and Taiwanese dramas and movies, both period and modern.  It might have been too much screen time for some families – but we loved it!  Those shared experiences provide them the cultural background and emotional context for me to explain and for them to understand both worlds – their similarities and differences.  This may be an often-overlooked part of upbringing.

In many ways, my daughters have grown to resemble me – bilingual and bicultural, like many youth immigrants.  Raising bilingual children (and young adults😅) is a long, evolving journey.  From our experience, emphasizing engagement over perfection and blending culture naturally into language, has made it both effective and joyful.  Every family’s path will be different, but thoughtful planning, realistic goals, and creativity can help children develop strong language skills while enjoying the process.

A few posts you may find useful:

My Top Lessons for Raising Strong Bilingual Skills in Chinese and English

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Different families follow different paths—but here’s what worked successfully for ours.

My Philosophy: Two First Languages (L1–L1), with Shifting Emphasis

Not “L1 English and L2 Chinese.”
What we optimized for: native-like speaking, strong reading (including novels), and comfortable typing composition.
What we didn’t chase: handwriting proficiency or written tests in Chinese.

In the early years, Chinese got many more hours (home time with parents). Later, English caught up through targeted effort and school.

Orthography & tools: We used Traditional characters with zhuyin early; pinyin as needed for typing (which the girls picked up on their own later on); code-switching is allowed but I gently redirect to Chinese during family hours.  Traditional vs. simplified matters less than consistent practice; fluency comes from conscientious repetition.

1) Prioritize Colloquial Fluency First

Principle: Strong spoken skills form the backbone of literacy and long-term fluency.

What I Did:
I made daily Chinese conversation the norm at home. We held read-aloud sessions about five times a week (around 45 minutes each), starting with storybooks and later transitioning to textbooks—helping my children speak naturally and effortlessly. As they grew, I constantly shared life lessons, historical accounts, and world news with them in Chinese.

2) Use Native-Speaker Textbooks for Structure

Principle: Curriculum designed for native speakers ensures authentic learning and appropriate progression.

What I Did:
We used Taiwanese elementary school textbooks, generally reading aloud one chapter per week to fluency.  In general, by third grade, we had completed second-grade material; by sixth grade, we had gone through most of fifth-grade material. We pretty much skipped the written exercises in 參考書 entirely.  Afterwards, during their teen years, DD#1 read Chinese novels extensively while DD#2 benefitted the most from 5 years of rigorous Chinese debate training and tournaments.

3) De-Emphasize Handwriting

Principle: Focus first on comprehension and oral fluency; composition by typing can follow later.

What I Did:
We did brief, targeted character handwriting—basic stroke order plus 10–20 reps per new character during the week we learned it—and then moved on. I didn’t give written tests. As a native speaker, I relied on continuous, low-stress assessment: daily conversation, read-alouds (with real-time tone/pronunciation correction), quick oral Q&A, and extra read-aloud practice when needed.

Why (our trade-off):
Time is limited. I’d rather they—by young adulthood—read fluently at ~7th-grade level (which naturally supports typed composition at ~4th–5th-grade level) than have 2nd- or 3rd-grade reading proficiency with beautiful 2nd-grade handwriting/composition. Prioritizing reading + oral fluency gave us the biggest payoff with the least stress.

How We Assessed—Without Written Tests

  • Daily conversation in Chinese
  • Regular read-alouds with real-time tone/pronunciation correction
  • Quick oral Q&A checks to assess comprehension

This kept the atmosphere calm while still keeping standards high.

4) Build a Strong Chinese Language Ecosystem (CLE)

Principle: Immersion makes the language a natural and constant part of life. 

What I Did:
Our home was stocked with Chinese books, comics, bridge readers, and novels, and my daughters gravitated to Chinese-language pleasure reading first. We used Chinese TV, YouTube, and music extensively. Before middle school, they spent roughly two-thirds of their waking hours in this CLE. English-based schooling made up about 25% of their time on average (roughly 180 school days per year; ~50% of waking hours on school days spent at school).  The point is that regular English schooling doesn’t prevent creating a ~66% Chinese environment overall.

5) Make Chinese Practical, Meaningful, and Fun

Principle: Children learn best when the language serves a real and enjoyable purpose.

What I Did:
In primary school, we created videos, skits, karaoke, and presentations in Chinese. In secondary school, these evolved into a family Chinese pop band, Chinese debate, and FASCA volunteer work—activities that made Chinese lively, meaningful, and rewarding.

IMPORTANT: Creating CLE and making Chinese meaningful are the most difficult part of raising such children.  The instruction method is straight forward, but sustaining their motivation (the psychological aspect) from the tween years on requires additional supports.

Trade-off: Less time for traditional extracurricular activities that colleges may find easier to assess. Outcomes can depend on how one’s college application and essays are framed. Anecdotally, this didn’t limit the overall rigor/ranking of admitting colleges for us, but your mileage may vary. The key is to tell the story—link bilingual activities to leadership, initiative, community impact, and persistence.

My view: I’d rather my children reach near-native Chinese fluency as adults than be similarly proficient in a traditional extracurricular (violin, tennis, etc.) at that age. Of course, very talented kids can do them all and excel!

6) Use the “Open the Gap / Close the Gap” Strategy

Principle: Establish strong Chinese proficiency first, then let English catch up.

What I Did:
We prioritized Chinese in the early years, even if that meant slower English development. From around third grade, we began balancing the two languages, allowing English to catch up over the next 4–5 years through targeted effort while keeping Chinese strong.

7) Use Short Sojourns to Taiwan as “Jump-Start” Opportunities

Principle: Immersion in the culture and among peers accelerates learning.

What I Did:
We traveled to Taiwan about once or twice a year in early childhood. My daughters stayed with grandparents, attended preschool for 1–2 months, and later attended public school for about one month. These trips provided concentrated, authentic exposure to native speakers. (Other families do succeed without this opportunity.)

8) Connect Bilingual Skills to Future Opportunities

Principle: Bilingualism stays motivating when it has visible benefits.

What I Did:
We encouraged our children to highlight Chinese-based experiences—such as band performances, debate, and leadership roles—in their college applications. This reinforced bilingualism as both a personal point of pride and a tangible advantage.

9) Factor in Gender, Disposition, and Intellect

Principle: Individual traits can ease or complicate bilingual acquisition.

What I Did / Found:
In our family, general cognitive and language aptitude played a role, and girls may have a small early advantage before age 10—a critical period for acquiring Chinese—though input quality and quantity mattered most. Sibling dynamics matter: an older sibling fluent in Chinese makes it easier for the younger child. I placed strong emphasis on my older daughter’s Chinese early on, knowing it would benefit her sister later.

Reflections on two decades of bilingual parenting

人生 Daily thoughts, 中文進度 Chinese proficiency progress ,

It has been almost five years since my last post. My older daughter is now 22, a recent graduate of UNC–Chapel Hill, while my younger one is 19 and a rising sophomore at Johns Hopkins University.

Over the next few posts, I hope to share with fellow parents some “updated” lessons I’ve learned over the past two decades of raising my bilingual children—what has worked, what has changed, and why the effort continues to be worth it.


Current Chinese proficiency and usage
Both daughters still converse with me primarily in Chinese—about 80–90% of the time for my older daughter, and 90–100% for my younger one. Our text messages are about 90% in Chinese. They visit their grandparents in Taiwan every 12–18 months, keeping their language and cultural connections alive.

Toward the end of her freshman year, I noticed that my younger daughter’s Chinese was a bit rusty. Her solution? She rewatched some of her favorite Chinese TV dramas from earlier years. Afterwards, her fluency bounced back—a reminder that consistent exposure, even through media, can make a difference.

Here’s a video my daughters made in the summer of 2024, right after my younger daughter graduated from high school:



How being fluent in Chinese can shape one’s lives
Being bilingual in English and Chinese can lead to opportunities—academic, professional, and personal. To keep this post focused, I’ll share one recent example from my younger daughter’s encounters this past summer.

1. Professional Opportunities in Taiwan
This summer, my younger daughter participated in an intensive five-day medical device innovation program at an advanced laparoscopic (including Da Vinci robotics) training center in Taiwan. It was almost like a crash MBA course, with about 15 hours of work a day. She also had the chance to learn and practice basic laparoscopic skills.

The program brought together physicians, engineers, and business professionals from Taiwan and across Asia. While the instruction was in English, she had countless informal conversations in Chinese—building rapport with staff, exchanging ideas with Taiwanese participants, and expanding her professional network.

As a result, she was able to network with venture capital professionals in Taiwan—an opportunity directly connected to her bilingual skills and healthcare VC involvement in college.

2. Cultural Bonding with Peers
While in Taiwan, she met up with a few Taiwanese international students from her college for a KTV night. They were pleasantly surprised that she knew most of their chosen songs and had watched many of the same Chinese TV shows they grew up with. That shared cultural knowledge instantly deepened their connection.

3. Medical Shadowing Invitations
A friend of mine, a plastic surgeon in Taiwan, treated my daughter (and me!) with some laser work—removing a few spots for her and plenty of sun spots for me. He also offered her the chance to shadow him in the operating room if she’s interested in the future. This, too, was made possible because she could communicate effortlessly and build trust in Chinese.

4. Teaching Chinese Online
Finally, my younger daughter has been teaching Chinese to a few grade school students online this summer, earning some extra spending money. I overheard a couple of her lessons—she’s engaging, patient, and effective. Seeing her pass on the language to the next generation is deeply rewarding.

Takeaway

If one is proficient in Chinese and willing to use it, it’s not just a language skill—it’s a bridge. It opens professional doors, enriches friendships, deepens cultural understanding, and even creates income opportunities.

Introduction to the work of Professor Stephen Krashen

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“Stephen Krashen (born 1941) is professor emeritus at the University of Southern California,[1] who moved from the linguistics department to the faculty of the School of Education in 1994. He is a linguist, educational researcher, and political activist.” – Wikipedia

Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition by Stephen Krashen

“The acquisition–learning hypothesis claims that there is a strict separation between acquisition and learning; Krashen saw acquisition as a purely subconscious process and learning as a conscious process, and claimed that improvement in language ability was only dependent upon acquisition and never on learning……..Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, during which the acquirer is focused on meaning rather than form.” – Wikipedia     (CLE = subconscious acquisition + meaningful.  Weekend Chinese class = conscious process.  Based on a cursory review, this is where I may differ with the professor, as far as Chinese is concerned.  Using his term, I think acquisition and learning are complementary, due to the high opportunity cost and resource commitment required.)

“Furthermore, Krashen claimed that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously acquired, and that conscious learning cannot be used as a source of spontaneous language production. Finally, learning is seen to be heavily dependent on the mood of the learner, with learning being impaired if the learner is under stress or does not want to learn the language.” – Wikipedia  (CLE =subconscious.  Weekend Chinese class = stress + does not want to learn)

“The monitor hypothesis states that consciously learned language can only be used to monitor language output; it can never be the source of spontaneous speech.” – Wikipedia  (Weekend Chinese class = consciously learned language => not the source of spontaneous speech)

“The affective filter hypothesis. This states that learners’ ability to acquire language is constrained if they are experiencing negative emotions such as fear or embarrassment. At such times the affective filter is said to be “up”.” – Wikipedia (Parents speaking Chinese with children in the public  [granted there may be some scenario that this is not wise].  Also, we parents can readily admit that there are things that we don’t know how to say but we can look it up and learn together => less fear or embarrassment)

“Krashen promotes the use of free voluntary reading during second-language acquisition, which he says “is the most powerful tool we have in language education, first and second………Proponents such as Stephen Krashen (1989) claim that reading alone will increase encounters with unknown words, bringing learning opportunities by inferencing. The learner’s encounters with unknown words in specific contexts will allow the learner to infer and thus learn those words’ meanings. While the mechanism is commonly accepted as true, its importance in language learning is disputed. “- Wikipedia.  (This is where  access to and reading of extensive Chinese books come in, of course.)

“Free voluntary reading (FVR) is the reading of any book (newspaper, magazine or comic) that students have chosen for themselves and is not subject to follow-up work such as comprehension questions or a summary.” – An introduction to the work of Stephen Krashen.     (I rarely ask the girls on the details of their reading.  As long as they read, it’s good.)

“In language learning, extensive reading is contrasted with intensive reading, which is slow, careful reading of a small amount of difficult text – it is when one is “focused on the language rather than the text”.   Extensive and intensive reading are two approaches to language learning and instruction, and may be used concurrently; intensive reading is, however, the more common approach, and often the only one used.  Extensive reading has been used and advocated in language learning since at least the 19th century.  In the first language, many connections have been made between reading and vocabulary size, as well as other academic skills.” – Wikipedia.  (For me, intensive reading comes in two major flavors.  The first one is the usual language instruction based on textbooks or the likes.  The second one is the read-aloud exercises of an appropriately leveled reading material – probably the most efficient way of increasing colloquial fluency in my pointed of view.  In my point of view, intensive reading and extensive reading are complementary, and, when combined with CLE, is the best long-term method to learn Chinese (or other difficult to learn languages), when the requirement of time, resources, and opportunity cost is high.  Interestingly enough, to a certain extent, Karaoke singing can provide CLE, read-aloud intensive reading, and voluntary-extensive reading, all concurrently!)

In conclusion….

To sum it up, I think I have done the many things that Professor Krashen promotes based on his research, by providing CLE and free voluntary reading.  Where he and I may differ is that I think acquisition and learning (his terminology) are complimentary, to provide long-term, effective, and efficient improvement in Chinese proficiency.  CLE makes long term possible, providing the psychological backdrop for the child, which promotes effectiveness.  Due to its high resource/time demand and opportunity cost, we need efficiency as well.  That’s where intensive reading and active learning comes in.  For me, the particular instruction curriculum and the actual instruction/active learning is the easy part.  Providing the CLE is the tough part.  Where Chinese weekend schools fail for most is not only for the lack of rigor, but that active learning is only part of the picture and can not provide the long term needs, which is required to sustain such learning.  Where Chinese immersion school is far less than optimal for most is that it provides only ~ 15-20% of students’ year-round waking hours as their CLE, which is a far cry from the amount of CLE required for difficult to learn languages such as Chinese, in the greater Anglophone environment.

Modern Mandarin Chinese

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Did you know that the pronunciation of 普通話, Putonghua or the modern standard Mandarin Chinese, dates back only about 400 years?

From 中国华文教育馆 (PRC’s Oversea Chinese Language and Cultural Education Online), the Manchurian people, after establishing the Ching Dynasty and succeeding the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century, had to learn one of the northern Han dialects for ease of communication.  However, they couldn’t learn it well and eventually developed a “Manchudized” version, which eventually turn into the pronunciation we know today.

“与南京官话保留了中原古音不同，王照提倡的北京官话受北方游牧民族特别是满族的影响很大。满洲入关以后，满语完全不能适应新的生活需要，不得不学习和借鉴汉语。但是，满族人不能区分尖团音，也不会发入声，因此，满洲贵族所说的北京官话是满族化了的汉语，也被戏称为“五音不全”的汉话。”

From 百度：

“南北朝时期开始，中原雅音南移，作为中国官方语言的官雅言逐渐分为南北两支。六朝即南京话为汉语标准语，明朝永乐年间建都北京时从南京北调40万人口，超过北平原有人口。清入主中国，旧北平话逐渐演变形成了北京话。清雍正六年设“正音书馆”，以北京官话为标准语，在全国推行，以后北京官话逐渐取代南京官话成为中国官场主流的标准语，有人也称之为北方官话，和被称为南方官话的南京官话相对应。清末进行国语编审，民国初年拟定国音，“京国之争”以后实行以北京官话为基础的新国音，自此以北方官话为蓝本的国语（普通话）成为中国官方标准语言。随著现代教育、传媒的普及发达，当代的北京官话 – 普通话，在华语圈有向各种方言渗透的趋势。”

Therefore, the venerated Tang poems dating back to the 7-10th century and classics before Ching Dynasty were not written with such pronunciation in mind.

 

Below are a couple of interesting video clips:

 

Chinese in the teen years and beyond

人生 Daily thoughts

There have been recent discussions in the FB group “Raising Bilingual Children in Chinese and English” that my co-administrator Virginia and I manage regarding the extreme difficulty many parents have in getting their children to learn Chinese in their teen years, living in areas where Chinese is a minority language.

Yes, it is all true.  It is extremely difficult.

It requires tremendous or unusual effort, time, “intelligence”, opportunity, money, or some such combination.

You probably understand very well all the above factors but may find it disconcerting that I include “intelligence”.  Please refer to the end of this entry for a brief discussion on this matter.  As far as the relationship between intelligence and “foreign language learning”, you can find some discussions on the matter in this site.  According to this one paper, “Taken together, the findings of the study are compatible with the conceptualization of language aptitude according to a hierarchical model which subsumes specific abilities of importance in the language classroom under a more encompassing general ability, or general intelligence.”

The point I want to get across is, learning Chinese in this kind of setting is more like learning a foreign language and less like a first language, and such ability correlates with our “general intelligence”, which typical IQ tests try to assess.  This type of “general intelligence” has little correlation to anthropologists’ idea of intelligence, which some consider as the global capacity to adapt to one’s environment and to exploit it to one’s advantage.

Basically, a “smarter” child in the sense of IQ test typically learn things faster, things in the usual academic sense.  So, a “smarter” child can pick up Chinese faster and with less committed resources.  When the kids approach and reach middle and high schools, there are simply tons of worthy pursuits other than Chinese and the opportunity cost to learn Chinese shoots up, typically in the sense of college application.  So,  children and their parents may find it much more appealing to hold off or slow down Chinese learning to pursue other worthy subjects.

This is the reason that, in my Letter to Parents in 2015, I wrote: “Lastly, given the immense effort required to achieve level 3 or above proficiency by mid-teens, I don’t think it is realistic and “necessary” for most heritage families to do so.  I think it is perfectly fine to achieve level 1-2 proficiency by the end of middle school.  For those students who really want to excel in Chinese in high school, college, or beyond, intensive studies then will typically be more efficient and less frustrating.  The difficult part for high school students is time constraint, due to the various academic and extracurricular demands.   However, in college and beyond, a couple of years of living abroad and intensive studying will be all it takes to achieve level 3 to 4 proficiency.”

Four years later, I maintain the same sentiment.  I do, however, want to provide you some real-life examples to assuage your anxiety.

As you may know, my family and I moved from a relatively rural NC community, where my daughters grew up, to metro Atlanta almost two years ago.  Here, I meet middle-aged professionals who immigrated to the states at a young age (say, 3 – 7) and speak Chinese pretty well now (ILR level 3.5-4).  One thing they have in common is their large Chinese speaking clientele.  They had good basics and relearned and picked up much Chinese due to their professional needs.  (I don’t know their reading comprehension proficiency.)

Recently, I met up with two couple friends, who immigrated from Taiwan in their mid 20s and one of their American born and raised daughters.  Their DD was able to speak fair Chinese by the end of high school (ILR ~2) but had limited Chinese reading comprehension.  She is smart, but likely not “crazy” smart.  If I remember correctly, she scored about 98-99th percentile in SAT and ACT with little preparation.  After taking two years of Chinese coursework in college, enough for a minor, I would say her Chinese speaking proficiency is now ILR level 3.  Her writing (typing, of course) and composition picked up tremendously with her course work.  The following is one of her college essays on 程蝶衣 in the 1993 movie, 霸王別姬 (Farewell My Concubine).

Some of the requirements for the essay are as follows.  “The length requirement for all essays is 600-800 Chinese characters. Provide the Chinese character count at the end of each essay…..  You are encouraged to use the dictionary for this assignment, but the use of translation tool is not allowed! You are also encouraged to use grammar and vocabulary beyond what you have learned in class, but you should be able to identify and know the meaning of the new words you used. You may not have a native speaker of Chinese help you write or correct your homework assignments.”

程蝶衣的各種感情

在《霸王別姬》裡，人物的相互關係反映在文化改革的中國社會情況裡面。這部電影隨著程蝶衣的故事，從他小時候呈現在戲班子的生活到他長大以後面對的關於各種關係的挑戰。程蝶衣的故事表達了古時候個人的關係，也讓觀眾看出他的性格怎麼影響他在那個社會的生活。

在電影的前幾分鐘，程蝶衣的媽媽，一位妓女，帶著一個小小的程蝶衣去戲班子，因為她沒辦法在妓院照顧他了。那時候程蝶衣被叫做小豆子，遇到了另外一個男孩，小石頭，開始他在生活中最重要的關係。因為兩個孩子還有其他的科班孩子從他們的師傅受到了非常大的壓力和挨打，所以他們得互相依賴才能繼續練習，繼續長大。小豆子是個年輕貌美的男孩，師傅指定他在戲裡扮演旦，然後小石頭扮演淨，兩個在同台演情侶的情況下一起長大。由於程蝶衣把自己投入到他的扮演角色，他就開始真正的愛上段曉樓。程蝶衣的性格其實很簡單，他很容易愛上他身邊的事，比如說，一開始他不愛戲，可是他沒有別的選擇，為了生活只好學戲，然後慢慢地喜歡上它。段曉樓跟戲一樣，讓程蝶衣有安全感，也天天跟他在一起，因為這個原因程蝶衣才會喜歡段曉樓。

第二個人物關係是戲班子的師傅和程蝶衣。在科班的時候，為了訓練學生，讓他們背腳本背歌詞，師傅以打為主，不管學生說得對說的錯，師傅還是打他們。雖然師傅在孩子的眼睛裡是他們得最尊重的人，但是在社會裡，他的地位其實是很低的，跟妓女的地位差不多。 其實師傅打他們是愛他們的，是為了他們好，也是愛他們的，因為如果這些學生沒有學好戲，那他們根本就沒有機會在傳統的社會裡生活。到程蝶衣長大以後，他變成一位明星了，還是跟段曉樓一起回去科班找他們的師傅，三十歲的時候被師傅打還是能忍受，因為師傅收養了他們，給他們機會。

第三個人物關係是程蝶衣和菊仙複雜的關係。由於菊仙嫁給段曉樓，程蝶衣他從一開始就恨她，她也恨程蝶衣。菊仙本來也是一位妓女，地位也沒比程蝶衣的高，可是程蝶衣心愛的段曉樓愛上了菊仙，沒有愛上他。他的性格比較冷漠，對別人的關係不感興趣，所以其他人如果沒有跟戲有關係，那程蝶衣就不管，他就狠心地不接受菊仙。不過，幾年以後，程蝶衣還是慢慢地容忍菊仙，因為程蝶衣非常愛段曉樓，還有他吸鴉片上癮的時候也收到菊仙的幫忙，到最後為了配合他的好友，就對菊仙好一點，但是在他的心裡還有一些不甘心。

程蝶衣並不是一個有愛的人，可是他很珍惜他和他尊重的人的關係。由於他兩個最愛就是京戲和段曉樓，他最重要的人物關係就跟著兩件事有關。在電影裡，這些不同的關係表達了各種的愛，讓觀眾受到深深的感動。

Here is the simplified Chinese version:

程蝶衣的各种感情

在《霸王别姬》里，人物的相互关系反映在文化改革的中国社会情况里面。这部电影随着程蝶衣的故事，从他小时候呈现在戏班子的生活到他长大以后面对的关于各种关系的挑战。程蝶衣的故事表达了古时候个人的关系，也让观众看出他的性格怎么影响他在那个社会的生活。

在电影的前几分钟，程蝶衣的妈妈，一位妓女，带着一个小小的程蝶衣去戏班子，因为她没办法在妓院照顾他了。那时候程蝶衣被叫做小豆子，遇到了另外一个男孩，小石头，开始他在生活中最重要的关系。因为两个孩子还有其他的科班孩子从他们的师傅受到了非常大的压力和挨打，所以他们得互相依赖才能继续练习，继续长大。小豆子是个年轻貌美的男孩，师傅指定他在戏里扮演旦，然后小石头扮演净，两个在同台演情侣的情况下一起长大。由于程蝶衣把自己投入到他的扮演角色，他就开始真正的爱上段晓楼。程蝶衣的性格其实很简单，他很容易爱上他身边的事，比如说，一开始他不爱戏，可是他没有别的选择，为了生活只好学戏，然后慢慢地喜欢上它。段晓楼跟戏一样，让程蝶衣有安全感，也天天跟他在一起，因为这个原因程蝶衣才会喜欢段晓楼。

第二个人物关系是戏班子的师傅和程蝶衣。在科班的时候，为了训练学生，让他们背脚本背歌词，师傅以打为主，不管学生说得对说的错，师傅还是打他们。虽然师傅在孩子的眼睛里是他们得最尊重的人，但是在社会里，他的地位其实是很低的，跟妓女的地位差不多。其实师傅打他们是爱他们的，是为了他们好，也是爱他们的，因为如果这些学生没有学好戏，那他们根本就没有机会在传统的社会里生活。到程蝶衣长大以后，他变成一位明星了，还是跟段晓楼一起回去科班找他们的师傅，三十岁的时候被师傅打还是能忍受，因为师傅收养了他们，给他们机会。

第三个人物关系是程蝶衣和菊仙复杂的关系。由于菊仙嫁给段晓楼，程蝶衣他从一开始就恨她，她也恨程蝶衣。菊仙本来也是一位妓女，地位也没比程蝶衣的高，可是程蝶衣心爱的段晓楼爱上了菊仙，没有爱上他。他的性格比较冷漠，对别人的关系不感兴趣，所以其他人如果没有跟戏有关系，那程蝶衣就不管，他就狠心地不接受菊仙。不过，几年以后，程蝶衣还是慢慢地容忍菊仙，因为程蝶衣非常爱段晓楼，还有他吸鸦片上瘾的时候也收到菊仙的帮忙，到最后为了配合他的好友，就对菊仙好一点，但是在他的心里还有一些不甘心。

程蝶衣并不是一个有爱的人，可是他很珍惜他和他尊重的人的关系。由于他两个最爱就是京戏和段晓楼，他最重要的人物关系就跟着两件事有关。在电影里，这些不同的关系表达了​​各种的爱，让观众受到深深的感动。

How about that?!!!!  Reflecting back on my own daughters, I now understand why, shortly after turning 13 a few years ago, having read quite a few teenage American novels in Chinese edition, my elder DD was able to compose the following, which could be the beginning of a short story or novella:

下課的鐘終於響了。  我馬上把所有的課本和習作塞進書包裡和跑出教室。  春假開始了。  我得快點敢回家。  我走到許阿姨的麵包店，買了哥哥最喜歡吃的新鮮奶油吐司。  我進家門時突然感到頭暈， 然後正常。  我慢慢的走進客廳，看到哥哥和另一位我不認識的男孩子的背影。  哥哥轉向我而開始微笑。  我給了他一個大擁抱後，把麵包給了他。  哥哥接過了麵包後便給我介紹他旁邊的男孩。

“凱雅， 這是我的朋友維斯。” 哥哥說。  維斯有一雙鑽石藍的眼睛和深咖啡色的頭髮。  他穿著休閑褲子和一件白色的上衣。

“妳好。“ 維斯說。

”你好。“ 我回答。

”維斯跟我是在大學認識的。  因爲他春假沒事所以帶他來。“ 哥哥解釋。

我怎麼覺得維斯好像不太對勁。  每次靠近他時，我的頭越來越暈。  在吃飯時， 我故意坐和他最遠的坐位。  維斯總是令爸媽和哥哥笑而他很有禮貌。  可是我還是覺得他不太對勁。

半夜， 我起來去拿一杯水喝。  當我回來時， 快經過哥哥房間時，聽到他和維斯在悄悄的說話。

”你確定？“ 哥哥問。

”你妹是。“ 維斯回答。

”我妹是我們在尋找的天使？”

“是。”

“你確定？”

“安靜， 有人來了。” 維斯說。

我停下了腳步。

“那是凱莉。” 哥哥說。

我還是站在走廊中間。  為什麼他們在三更半夜講那麽奇怪的話？

“凱莉。  你三更半夜在家裡走來走去幹嘛？“ 哥哥問。

”你們幹嘛三更半夜在講一些奇怪有的沒的？“ 我問。

哥哥把頭探出門外而說， ”妳還沒回答我的問題。“

”你也還沒回答我問你的話。“

“妳先回答我的問題。“ 哥哥又說。

”你們兩個不要吵了。“ 維斯說。

“明天再講吧。  我要睡覺。” 我說便回了房間。

********

（睡夢中……)

太陽的光照射在石門上的圖案。  那些圖案是為了封閉門後面的靈魂。  我拍一拍我雪白的翅膀而降落在門的正前方。從門裡的一些小縫隙我能看到靈魂淡藍色的光。  傑克也在門前降落。

  “妳準備好了嗎？” 他問。  我點了頭。  我從口袋裡拿出一把銀色的鑰匙然後解開了門上的鎖。  古老的石門慢慢的打開。

********

有人在門上一直敲門。  我看了床頭櫃上的鬧鐘。  現在早上7:45。

“幹嘛？  今天禮拜六。” 我問。

“我們跟你哥哥和維斯要出外爬山。  妳要去嗎？” 媽媽回答。

“不用了。”

“好， 傍晚見喔。”  我聽到大家穿鞋和門上鎖的聲音。  幾分鐘後， 我走進哥哥的房間。  在他的床上有一本很厚的書本。  書的封面是用深色的牛皮所做的而且上面沒有字。我把書拿起來便把它拿回我房間去看。  前幾頁記載著一個神話故事:

她的使命， 是守護他的靈魂。  他為了人類跟地獄的鬼魂爭鬥而喪命。  她答應了湯姆斯她會盡所有能力保護他。  幾百年過去了。  湯姆斯還是沒有回來。  她的答應，也跟著那些年一天天的消失。  直到那天使死了， 他還是沒有回來。 

真是一個悲慘的故事。  我才不會那麽耐心地去等一個永遠沒回來的人。  這個天使也真是的。我再翻了一頁。  這一頁上面寫了不同人的名字。

So, as you can tell, all is not lost for you parents out there!  There is great hope!  I would say your children’s Chinese can improve by leaps and bounds in college and beyond, if they apply themselves later,  with the basics that you painstakingly provide in their youth.  If you have to put Chinese on hold in their teens, just trying to maintain their level of proficiency would be more than fine.

Good luck and good journey!

Oliver

**********************

Like many things in the field of IQ, there is more than enough controversy: “No anthropologist believes that IQ tests measure intelligence. At best he believes that IQ tests measure only a small part of intelligence, and by far the least important part. This is because the anthropologist does not use the word intelligence in the same way as the psychometrician uses it. The anthropologist thinks of intelligence as the individual’s global capacity to adapt to his environment and to exploit it to his, and his group’s, advantage. To the anthropologist, any nonphysical ability possessed by man but not possessed by animals, or possessed in only a rudimentary way by animals, is a legitimate manifestation of intelligence. An individual’s ability to sing, dance, create art, see visions, or fashion tools is as much a part of man’s intelligence as his ability to do geometry or argue philosophy. IQ tests are good estimates of the latter, but have little correlation with the former, and in the context of man’s evolutionary history, the anthropologist considers these non-IQ attributes to be the more important. There can be little wonder, then, that anthropologists regard IQ tests with skepticism. IQ tests are not measures of general adaptability……..  When intelligence tests are factor analyzed, there are normally seven factors extracted: verbal meaning, verbal fluency, reasoning, number, space, memory, and perceptual speed. But all of these factors correlate, or overlap with one another to such a degree that what is common to all of them accounts for most of the variance in test scores. This common property is itself a factor, the general factor, and has been given the symbol g.  All of these factors now have the status of hypothetical constructs, but g is by far the most important of them.  A test is an intelligence test only insofar as it is saturated with g.  Psychometricians make a conceptual distinction between intelligence and g, but for all practical purposes they treat both terms as interchangeable………. The two with the highest g loadings are the verbal and reasoning factors. “

 

Fewer posts

人生 Daily thoughts, 中文進度 Chinese proficiency progress

One reader noted that I don’t blog as much about my DD’s Chinese learning journey these days.  That is absolutely true. There is simply less to blog about these days, as we are mostly in late consolidation to maintenance phase.  For me, most of the work for Chinese learning before they finish high school would have been done toward the end of middle school.

DD#1 “Charlotte”, almost 16, is finishing up 10th grade.  She has already switched track and commit most of her effort and time to academic and extracurricular activities with emphasis on future college application.  She attends a competitive high school and it is harder to stand out these days.  I have her do just a little maintenance type of Chinese reading to keep up her proficiency.  We continue to converse in Chinese at home, though I do have to correct her often as our conversation topics and depth increase further.  We spend maybe 15-20 minutes a day watching a Chinese high school teen soap 「致我们单纯的小美好」or “A Love So Beautiful.  She loves the show but cringes at the awkward teen puppy love interactions, LOL.

Charlotte does attend a Saturday simplified Chinese “AP” class a couple of times a month just to maintain some exposure to AP Chinese topics.  There are only two to three students in the class, one of whom is my DD#2.  That class provides more of an exposure to the Chinese AP topics rather than being a test preparation course.  It is unfortunate that her high school doesn’t have Chinese AP class.  However, since my goal has never been about test taking and has always been about actually knowing and using Chinese as a communication tool, I am not sweating it and would rather that she commits her time to other areas.  For more formal instruction, I recently resumed having her read aloud select piece in CLA textbook about 10-15 minutes a day several days a week, picking up where we left off almost two years ago in 6th grade CLA textbooks.  That’s all the time she can commit to Chinese these days.  But we hope to move onto junior high level textbooks soon.

The good news is that she has just been recruited to join a brand-new southeast regional Chinese debate team that will compete in Taiwan with teams across Asia at the end of the summer.  This is a wonderful opportunity to hone in her Chinese colloquial proficiency, as I have been seeking out extracurricular activities that require much actual Chinese usage.  Since there are few such activities for teens, we often have to come up with our own, such as our band.  To receive coaching in Chinese for debate conducted in Chinese is like a dream-comes-true.  So, hopefully the whole things goes smoothly.

As for my almost 13 years old DD#2 “Georgia”, we continue to do Chinese read aloud exercises 5 days a week as mentioned in recent blog entries.  She is using 6th grade textbook also, moving at a faster pace than “Charlotte” three years back.  She attends the same casual Saturday “AP” Chinese classes every week, which I plan for her to repeat next year to improve her familiarity with simplified Chinese and get really acquainted with the material.  She watches about 30 minutes of Chinese drama 後宮甄嬛傳 with me at night, which she loves.

“Georgia” is also finishing up reading the third book (out of four) of 神雕俠侶 kungfu novel.  I recently printed the remainder of the novel out with zhuyin included, since her comprehension and reading speed do go up with them.  I plan to have her finish reading this novel with zhuyin assistance and then try another 金庸‘s kungfu novel without zhuyin.  She doesn’t particularly enjoy reading Chinese kungfu novel (but loves watching such TV shows) and that’s why it has been taking this long.  Maybe I should have her pick out the next novel herself.

“Georgia” was also recruited to try out the Chinese debate team as well.  She took three semesters of English debate classes before; so, this will be an excellent opportunity for her as well.  In terms of her English, she is doing extra reading comprehension exercises to “close the gap” further.  She is in accelerated ELA class one grade level higher at school, but can still work on her English more.  She is not one of those “brilliant” kids who are two-three years (or more) ahead in multiple subjects.  My best guess is that such “brilliant” kids probably have IQ (in the general sense) of around 150  (~1 in 2,000 people) or higher.

In terms of our band, we performed four times in February and are taking a little break.  We plan to work on one popular Cantonese and one Taiwanese song in the coming months.

Overall, IMHO, how well a child handles Chinese-English bilingual education in the tween to teen years, even with favorable Chinese Language Ecosystem (CLE), depends much on the individual’s general intellect, given high level competition for top college spots these days.  Most children likely need to divert attention away from Chinese learning to participate in the college application rat race.  So, it is ever more important that the majority of a solid Chinese instruction and foundation be laid down by the end of middle school.

The psychology of “Crazy Rich Asian” on children learning Chinese

人生 Daily thoughts

It’s such an exciting time to be an Asian American kid these days! New possibilities and slow but growing acceptance! Of course, the new movie “Crazy Rich Asians” is the all the buzz recently.  DD#1 read the book back in March (though I did buy her the book back in 2016) and loves it.  Our whole family watched the movie today and we all loved it! 

In my opinion, the movie ties in with the psychological aspect of empowering children of Chinese cultural heritage in their willingness to learn the Chinese language and culture.  It is uplifting for kids like my own and makes them feel that being of Chinese cultural heritage in an Anglophone country can still be cool, which can make them more willing to learn the language.  This psychological part is just as important as the Chinese language instruction itself, particularly as the children get into the tween and definitely teen years and their willingness to continue more intensive Chinese language learning wanes or simply drops off the cliff.  

 

Fellow members of my FB group on “Raising bilingual children in Chinese & English” asked DD#1 to write her thoughts or insights on the movie.  The following is her quick thought on the movie:

*****************************

As an Asian American, I think that Crazy Rich Asians is a must watch, being the first movie in over 20 years to feature an all Asian cast.  The movie’s plot actually follows the book pretty well, and everything, from the outrageous style to the expensive cars to the extreme spending habits in the film really illustrates the posh and glamorous lifestyle of the characters from the book.

Even though Crazy Rich Asians only focuses on the life of the exceptionally wealthy in Asia, I think the overall Asian representation in the movie is something to be proud of, since it was almost unheard of to have an Asian actor/actress as the main lead in a Western film until now.  After finishing the movie, I felt empowered by the progress that the Asian community has made in America, and hopefully in the future more is to come.  As a kid, it was always thrilling to have an Asian actor/actress featured in a Western film, even though in action movies they were still the first ones to die/be killed off.  Another point is that finally, Asians were not stereotyped as being the nerdy, quiet, or shy character in Crazy Rich Asians; instead, they were loud, they were lively, and they were crazy.

How much can one feel connected to a culture/ethnic group without speaking the language?

人生 Daily thoughts, Uncategorized

Do most second or third generation Indian American children attend special schools for one of their parents’ mother language?

Reflecting on Indian and Indian American attitude toward English and their regional language

 

Why India Must Move Beyond English

2014

A couple of weeks ago, a major (though seemingly contrived) controversy broke out in India over the increased use of the Hindi language on social media. Language is a contentious issue in India, and has been since Article 343 of the Indian Constitution declared “Hindi in the Devanagari script” the official language of India in 1949. English, which was official during the British Raj, has remained co-official with Hindi, despite efforts to phase it out.

English remains entrenched in India and is widely used by India’s elite, bureaucracy, and companies. It is particularly important in its written form, as the official versions of most documents use English. Most pan-Indian written communication as well as many major media outlets use English. However, at the spoken level, English is much less prevalent and Indian languages are more widely used, with Hindi serving as a lingua franca for most of the country except the its northeast and the deep south.  It should be noted that English is spoken or understood by about 150 million Indians, or about 10 percent of the population. This means that around 90 percent of Indians do not understand or speak English.

English’s association with the elite and corridors of power and its status as the language of documents and serious literature has led to a craze for English-medium schools across India. Proponents of the English language in India argue that English will serve as the vehicle of India’s economic growth and lead to the empowerment of hundreds of millions of individuals. Nothing, however, could be more incorrect. India’s obsession with English holds back both its economic development and the quality of its education.

(Click link above for the rest of the article)

Here is a Quora entry I found:

Why do Indians prefer to send their children to English medium rather than Hindi medium school?

2016

Gopalkrishna Vishwanath

Let’s face it. The bitter truth (sweet for some) is that English has conquered all the other languages of the world.

Even those countries that were traditionally hostile to English and shielded their people from gaining knowledge of English have started opening out to English and accepting it as a language that one must learn and know to survive and make progress in the world.

Traditional rivals of the English, like the French and the Germans are learning English, while most Englishmen and Americans are not learning German or French. The former realise it is necessary. The latter don’t feel knowing French or German is necessary. The same is true in China. More Chinese people are learning English than English speaking people are learning Chinese.

It is not just Hindi speakers in India who prefer an English Medium education in India.

This is the situation in every state in India. Those who study in regional language schools do so because they could not get admission in English medium schools or could not afford it. Given a choice every parent will like to admit his child into an English medium school.

State Government politicians pay lip service to the regional language and pretend to be in favour of the local languages as medium of instruction at the primary school level but their own children go to English medium schools.They know the standard of education in regional language schools is not up to the mark.

English medium education gives you a status in society that you don’t get when you study in regional languages. The regional language is studied in addition to English not instead of English.

The standard of Education in English medium schools in India is vastly superior to the quality of education in the majority of schools that teach in the local languages.

English medium education facilitates entry into the elite sections of society. You are taken more seriously, when you are dressed in a pant and shirt and speak English rather than in a Dhoti and speak the local language. Those who speak English well do better in job interviews.They find it easier to do well abroad.

Nearly all the people who matter in India speak, read and write English as their first language.

The middle classes know this. Some grudgingly admit it. Others unconvincingly deny it.

Only in politics, arts, religion & culture and during elections are the local languages more important because you need to have mass contact, which is not possible if you speak to the masses in English.

 

Debjit Banerjee

My take:
1. ) There is not an iota of doubt that English is the global language when it comes to the professional world. So proficiency in English gives an edge when it comes to career.
2. ) The only language that binds India is English. Especially, it has been very successful in bridging the great South and the North India divide. So today a north Indian can communicate effectively with a south Indian without knowing any south Indian language and vice-versa. And in today’s fast developing India, our kids are not restricted to her or his own state. I have been living and working very comfortably in southern India for 9 years now without knowing any south Indian language.
3. ) Some may disagree but we still have hangover from the British rule. Many parents still think that knowledge of English makes their kids look smarter and more presentable to others.


Nandha Kumar

You don’t have to investigate deep into this to find an answer.

That English is the preferred language of progressive Indians is well established though not all will agree on this. English is nowadays considered as much Indian as Gujarati, Tamil or Telugu, and more importantly it helps to find good jobs all over the world.

Competing languages like Hindi especially is artificially propped up by the central government in India to give advantage to north Indians over south Indians. This makes English unpopular outside the southern states. More over, those unable to acquire even a working knowledge in English wish to pull down others to the same level to make it easy for them to compete in the job market, but seldom succeeds.

Having realized that English is the future of India, Indians prefer English because it a language suited best for communication within the country and at international level as well.

In short we can summarize that Indians prefer English over Hindi because it gives them special position over native language speakers and parents want this advantage for their children.

 


Yash Agrawal

Because they think that Hindi medium schools will not teach English properly. They know the importance of English, but they don’t know the importance of education in one’s mother tongue, that it is more effective for their children. It is also that English is not taught in a good way in some Hindi medium schools but this is not so in all the Hindi medium schools.

 

Do second and third generation Indian Americans take interest in learning any Indian language?

 

Dead Poet Society

人生 Daily thoughts

 

The girls and I watched “Dead Poet Society” over the weekend.  It was one of my favorite films almost thirty years ago.  “Charlotte”, who is 15 and a rising sophomore, really liked the film.  Before her bedtime, I engage her in an half hour discussion, in Chinese, on some of the themes in the movie, on parenting, passion, individuality, pursuit of happiness, etc..  I am glad we’ve got to enjoy watching this movie together.

As is written in the second clip, “Thank you, Robin, for making us laugh, for making us cry, for touching our souls.”  RIP.

https://youtu.be/4lj185DaZ_o

 

https://youtu.be/j64SctPKmqk